The Harden Index

Women have made important contributions in fields dominated by men. The sub-field of soil science known as pedology is not an exception to this rich history of contributions by females to science. Jennifer Harden was an outstanding USGS geologist that made significant contribution to soil geomorphology. Following the Jenny/Birkeland factorial approach to soil geomorphology and quantitative geomorphology, various other approaches at modeling pedogenesis evolved.  However, Jennifer Harden took a very different approach to quantifying soil geomorphic studies. She had studied under two great pedologists, Jenny and Arkley at Berkley; in 1982 she developed a “semi- quantitative” assessment of soil profile morphology as a means of objectively comparing soil profile development following the work of Bilzi and Ciolkosz (1977). This development is formally known as the “profile development index”, or more informally, “Harden index”.  The Harden index has proven useful in soil development studies in a wide variety of settings. RESPECT#

Final comment on soil landscape Dynamics

 The final comment on soil landscape dynamics is a poem about soils written by the great Pedologist     Dr. Francis D. Hole (1913-2002). The poem appears in the epilogue of the book he co-authored with another great Pedologist J.B. Campbell, “Soil Landscape Analysis” (1985). Hole made seminal contributions to the ideas of soil cover patterns and catenas. Hole earned his PhD Degree in geology and soil science at the university of Wisconsin-Madison in 1944. Among his many publications were “Soils of Wisconsin” and “Soil Genesis and Classification”. Hole created the Journal “Soil Survey Horizons”, and compiled the map “Soils of Wisconsin”. He emphasized the pedon concept and in his classic article in 1953 suggested the terminology for describing soils as three dimensional units. The poem goes like this:

Five things influence soil landscapes;

Biota, climate, terrain shapes,

Initial stuff and human kind.

A blend of these may loose or bind

The land skin of hills and dales:

Here turns soil dark, and elsewhere pales;

Leaches it poor or makes it rich,

Defining each natural niche,

Erodes or catches soil debris,

Changing the landscape endlessly.

After retirement, Hole spent his time giving lectures and courses on the importance of soils. RESPECT#

Black cotton soils

Yesterday I met a final year undergrad at the bookshop. We got talking then I asked him about his final year project research. He told me he was working on “the stabilization Black Cotton Soil” …using groundnut haulms. Black cotton soil! Although I’m a graduate student completing my master’s degree in soil science, I was hearing those words for the first time. Uncharacteristic of a ferret, I didn’t bother myself about these soils, until today when I accidentally found the same term in the book I was reading- Footprints in the Soil. Black cotton soil is actually the old term for the soil now known as Vertisols. In 1791, the outstanding natural scientist and observer of the subtropical milieu of 18^th century United States, William Bartram (1739-1823), published his book entitled “Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws”. While Bartram was describing his travels across Black Bell (West Florida and some part of Lousiana), he observed that the upper stratum of the soils found in these plains are perfectly black, soapy, and rich, especially after rains, and renders the road very slippery. This area, that Bartram described its soils, later became a cotton production area, hence the name Black Cotton Soils. In contemporary pedological classification Black Cotton Soils are known as Vertisols, both by the USDA soil taxonomy and world reference base of soil resources. Vertisols are heavy, cracking clayey soils with more than 35% clay and a high content of expanding clay minerals. They shrink and swell with changes in moisture contents and occur mainly in north eastern Nigeria within Borno, Adamawa and Bauchi States as well as in some parts of Sokoto and Plateau States. The soils are high in cations notably Ca, Mg and K but are generally low in organic matter. They are suitable for the cultivation of wheat, rice, cotton, corn and sorghum, but problems associated with tillage, poor-drainage, flooding and erosion militate against their large-scale utilization. All the Vertisols in Nigeria are Usterts– dark coloured, cracking clay soils with ustic soil moisture regimes. Vertisols have also been implied in previous descriptions by classical writers such as Ibn Al Awam. In the book, A Moorish Calendar: The Book of Agriculture of Ibn al-Awan (written around the late 12th Century), the following statements appear:

“…for a soil which cracks will be good for corn even though nothing else loves it, and the pine will flourish in sand when the apple, pear and plum will fail.”

Image of a Vertisol Profile (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertisol.jpg. Retrieved on 2/12/2014. 12:26pm))

Image of Black Cotton Soil (Source: http://mlsuau.wordpress.com/. Retrieved on 2/12/2014. 12:26pm)

Vertisols are often avoided by engineers in road constructions and fixing of poles. The shrinking and swelling of vertisols can damage buildings and roads. The property of Vertisols that affects its rheology is its mineralogy. The soil is dominated by the swelling type clays that tend to hold water in their interlayer spaces. This results in consequent swelling and shrinking of the soils with every wetting and drying cycle. In the field Vertisols are easily observed by supersaturating a quantity of soil with water and allowing it to stand for some minutes. A swelling clay soil will soak up the water and occupy more space.

Civil engineer working on a Vertisol in Uganda (source: http://mlsuau.wordpress.com/. Retrieved on 2/12/2014. 12:26pm)

 References

Warkentin, B.P. (Ed) (2006). Footprints in the soil, people and ideas in soil history. Amsterdan: Elsevier. Malgwi, D.B. Lecture notes in SOSC801: Soil genesis and classification